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- <text id=93TT0465>
- <link 93TO0102>
- <title>
- Nov. 08, 1993: They Clone Cattle, Don't They?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Nov. 08, 1993 Cloning Humans
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 68
- They Clone Cattle, Don't They?
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Want to peek into a crystal ball and glimpse at the future
- of cloning? One way might be to look at the livestock industry,
- the proving ground for reproductive technology. More than a
- decade has passed since the first calves, lambs and piglets
- were cloned, and yet there are no dairy herds composed of carbon-copy
- cows, no pigpens filled with identical sows. While copying particular
- strains of valuable plants such as corn and canola has become
- an indispensable tool of modern agriculture, cloning farm animals,
- feasible as it may be, has never become widespread. Even simple
- embryo splitting, the technique used by the George Washington
- University researchers on human cells, is too expensive and
- complicated to take off commercially. "Cloning," says George
- Seidel, an animal physiologist at Colorado State University,
- "remains very much a niche technology."
- </p>
- <p> But people have certainly tried to turn livestock cloning into
- a booming branch of agribusiness, and they're still trying.
- Wisconsin-based American Breeders Service, a subsidiary of W.R.
- Grace & Co., now owns the rights to cattle-cloning technology
- developed by Granada Biosciences, a once high-flying biotech
- firm that went out of business in 1992. The process calls for
- single cells to be separated from a growing calf embryo. Each
- cell is then injected into an unfertilized egg and implanted
- in the womb of a surrogate cow. Because the nucleus of the unfertilized
- egg is removed beforehand, it contains no genetic material that
- might interfere with the development of the embryo. In theory,
- then, it ought to be possible to extract a 32-cell embryo from
- a prize dairy cow and use it to produce 32 identical calves,
- each brought to term by a less valuable member of the herd.
- In practice, however, only 20% of the cloned embryos survive,
- meaning that instead of 32 calves, researchers generally end
- up with only five or six.
- </p>
- <p> While the success rate may improve, at present this method of
- cloning does not seem much better than embryo splitting, which
- typically produces twins and sometimes triplets. There have
- been other problems as well. Some of the calves produced have
- weighed so much at birth that they have had to be delivered
- through caesarean section. Scientists aren't sure what causes
- this phenomenon, but they know that ranchers wouldn't appreciate
- the expense of having to deliver some calves with surgery. Says
- Carol Keefer, an embryologist at American Breeders Service:
- "There is so much to learn about cattle yet."
- </p>
- <p> When cattle cloning is perfected, it may not be welcomed down
- on the farm. Idaho dairyman Kurt Alberti, for instance, isn't
- so sure he wants to clone the offspring of prizewinning cows
- like his Twinkie, even though she was the American Jersey Cattle
- Club's top milk producer last year and her calves fetch handsome
- prices on the auction block. Using cloning to create large numbers
- of identical calves runs counter to what breeders strive to
- do. Alberti wants to create cows even better than Twinkie, and
- the only way to do that is by constantly reshuffling the genetic
- deck with a fresh supply of genes. Indeed, rather than a major
- advance in livestock breeding, cloning taken to extremes could
- prove to be the exact opposite--a big step, all right, but
- in the wrong direction.
- </p>
- <p> By J. Madeleine Nash/Chicago
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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